Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay

Question 3: â€Å"Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.† To what extent does this saying apply to George Orwell’s Animal Farm? The quote â€Å"power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely† made by Lord Acton relates to the novel Animal Farm significantly. This quote expresses the fact that power can be abused and some infamous cases in history has shown that this can end in a tragedy. Power is a way through which authority and control is developed. It can be attained through the form of respect or in some infamous cases, fear. The idea that â€Å"absolute power corrupts absolutely† relates most directly to the pigs who possess the most power over the farm but neglect their duties to the farm and its habitants, leading to a dictatorship. One of the pigs who displays power over the animals was Old Major. Old Major was someone who â€Å"was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour’s sleep in order to hear what he had to say† (page 1). He used their respect for him to persuade them to strive for the creation of a better life. Old Major had power but wasn’t corrupted. His main goal was to create a utopian society in which equity is practised. After the death of Old Major, the responsibility of leading the farm naturally fell on to the shoulders of Snowball and Napoleon. When commencing their leadership, Snowball and Napoleon were focused on helping to develop a better life for all the animals but as the novel progressed, Napoleon’s idea of leadership became corrupted. In contrast to Old Major, Napoleon took actions which were for the sole benefit of the pigs. He abused his power and neglected his responsibilities as a leader. Napoleon first attained power through respect but later maintained it through fear a lot like the infamous Hitler. The animals weren’t permitted to oppose Napoleon as they feared him, â€Å"but suddenly the dogs sitting round Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigs fell silent and sat down again† (page 40) . Hitler, like Napoleon, gained power over Germany but later used these powers to enforce his own beliefs onto the people. It was evident to the reader that Napole on was corrupted from when â€Å"the animals(including Snowball) trooped down to the hayfield to begin the harvest, and when they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milk had disappeared† (page 18). Snowball was victim to the corrupted Napoleon. One sole reason as to why Snowball was evicted from the farm was due to Napoleon’s hunger for absolute power. Although this is not clearly pointed  out by Orwell, it is evident for the reader. Napoleon, before the eviction of Snowball, did have power and authority over the animal, but he did not have their undivided attention. â€Å"The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogans, â€Å"Vote for Snowball and the three-day week’ and ‘Vole for Napoleon and the full manger’†(page 37). Napoleon craved for more power and as the quote states â€Å"absolute power corrupts absolutely†, he became absolutely corrupted after he gained absolute power through the eviction of Snowball. Napoleon became more and more like Jones and the humans he once despised. The most significant indication of the immense corruption in Animal Farm can be ascertained through the altering of the Seven Commandments. After the rebellion, the responsibility of following these commandments were given to every animal on the farm. These commandments were what distinguished the animals from humans. They helped the animals recognise the vices of human beings and assisted them in remembering these corruptions so they themselves, would never adopt them. Throughout the book, these commandments were continuously altered to the pigs’ preferences, such as the situation in which Snowball’s followers were executed. As the pigs did not want the other animals to think that the Commandments had been violated, the sixth Commandment â€Å"No animal shall kill any other animal† was changed to â€Å" No animal shall kill any other animal without cause†. â€Å"Somehow or other the last two words had slipped out of the animals’ memory. But they saw now that the Commandment had not been violated.† (Page 66). Additionally, the presence of a corrupted leader resulted in a corrupted government. The pigs placed themselves higher than other animals to whom the author often referred to as slaves. The pigs persuaded the animals through fear of Jones’ return, â€Å"it is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed in our duty? Jones would come back!† (Page 25). They lived in luxury while the other animals starved as â€Å"once again all rations were reduced except those of the pigs and the dogsâ€Å"ï ¼Ë†page 81ï ¼â€°. The Farm has not become the utopian society strived for due to the corrupted government. The pigs regarded themselves to be on a higher tier than the other animals, completely violating the last and most important Commandment â€Å"All animals are equal†. This corruption led to the failure of the rebellion. â€Å"Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely† is one quote which  summarises the events occurring in the novel â€Å"Animal Farm†. It expresses the negligence and abuse of power such as that of the pigs. The corruption of the pigs, particularly their leader, Napoleon, expressed the truth behind this quote. The presence of corruption eventually led to the failure of the rebellion.

Billie Holiday’s Cruel Life

To understand the controversy that Billie presented one must first go to the root or source of such controversy and examine Billie's childhood. Billie was born Eleanora Harris to her father Clarence Holiday and mother Sadie Fagan who were just fifteen and thirteen years old, respectively, at the time (A 91). Born between 1912 and 1915 in Baltimore, the date unsure, Billie grew up without her father, who moved away early on in her life. Billie and her mother used to fight a lot, when her mother was around. Much of the time Billie was left in the care of relatives or friends, many of whom were unloving (E). Billie's relationship with her family was very weak, as Billie throughout her life and career never or rarely got family approval or recognition (W 13). The extent to which Billie did not get along with her family is evident as she was chastised for her grandmother's death at the age of six (E). The turmoil within Billie's family was manifested when Billie commented later on in life that â€Å"As far as I'm Concerned, all the Fagans are dead† (W 14). This made her family very mad and lead to their further abandonment of Billie. Aside from the superficial tension between Billie and her mother, they did their best to remain loyal to one another and provide for each other (W 201). As Billie grew older, life grew harder and reality slowly became more and more real for her. At age 10, Billie was raped, further strengthening Billie's image of reality. As Billie grew older she became carefree and grew to have a strong temper. One musician remembers Billie as â€Å"a child, 11 or 12 years old, shouting the worst words she knew in the street, anxious to be grown up† (W 35). And on the numerous occasions when Billie's mother was out of town, she would be out having fun without any worries. Billie grew accustomed to using men to get money. Billie would pick up guys, pretending to be a hooker, and then she and her friend would jump him and take his money (W 28). â€Å"She became a fast woman. She wanted fast money, fast life† (W 26). Her life did become faster and faster as Billie was brought further down into the truths of the world when Billie became a prostitute. â€Å"[Billie] ran errands for a brothel in Philadelphia and in 1927 moved to New York, where for the next three years she earned a living as a prostitute† (E). These aspects of Billie's life molded her attitude towards life in the future, and her future decisions and goals. These influences became her boundaries, her disposition, and in some cases, her limitations. Educationally, Billie was deprived. Never getting beyond the fifth grade, Billie was the victim of the educational restrictions that were imposed on many of those who dwelt in Black Ghettos (BB 67). As Billie grew older her education became a limitation. â€Å"This woman's talent and her looks, and yet in some ways she really had the mind of a 12-year-old† (BB 67). This lack of education would haunt Billie later in her career, a startling reminder of her childhood, and its definite shortcomings of providing safety, an education, and a moral base. Musically, Billie grew up listening to the blues, although it never really was her type of music. Billie loved listening to Jazz records as a child, early influences including Louis Armstrong. Eventually, Billie moved on to attempt a singing career. â€Å"Inspired by her love of singing, she talked the manager of a club into letting her sing a few tunes with the house band- she made $57 in tips† (E). In this way, Billie was motivated to become a singer, a decision that will prove not only to be beneficial to her, but also to be a risk factor that would threaten her health.

Additive Manufacturing Technology In Dental Implants Engineering Essay

Medical industry is one of the most existing industries which extensively use Rapid Manufacturing for their application. Every twenty-four hours tonss of people all around the universe faces different medical jobs and they easy get treated really rapidly merely because of new fabrication technique. From this aspect Dental and Hearing industries are in a tendency which is developing really fast to undertake the challenges of future and treated as the most successful portion of this industry. The full research and application are depends on some alone particular functionality, form and cost. Sing all demands the constituent are produced utilizing plentifulness of stuffs through different procedure for both industries such as, This study gives the brief thought about usage of linear fabrication engineering in medical industry particularly in dental and hearing with an illustration of fabricating constituent, it besides put light on advantage for both modeller and user after utilizing linear fabrication engineering. The Rapid Prototyping ( RP ) can be defined as a group of technique which refers to the bed by layer fiction of 3-dimensional ( 3D ) physical theoretical accounts straight from Computer aided design ( CAD ) . ( Cooper, 2001 ) By and large this RP is known as the Additive fabrication ( AM ) procedure, because of recent sweetening and development in the field of Computer Numerical Control ( CNC ) machining has prove this engineering as the portion of RP procedure. ( Wimpenny, ( 2010 ) ) Development in CNC machining which happened as an RP technique include remotion of stuff with higher rates, addition in cutting velocities and besides with higher machine axis speed. New development in both package and 3D bounder informations coped up with the recent alterations. ( Wimpenny, ( 2010 ) ) The procedure begins after making a 3D theoretical account utilizing CAD package and it is indistinguishable for all built techniques. The theoretical account is so convert in to Standard Triangulation Language ( STL ) format, this format shows the 3D surfaces as an assembly of many contriver trigons. At following phase STL file slice the 3D theoretical account in to beds. As we know the linear fabrication is gradual procedure in which parts are industries through beds and each beds are joined and procedure continues until the concluding portion formed. RP ‘s linear nature allows is to make parts with complicated internal characteristics which is non possible by other agencies like hollow countries and undercuts for that these parts some times supports are necessary. ( ( thenar, 1998 ) )2.2.1: Potential benefits of Rapid prototyping:Rapid Prototyping has great advantages in technology, fabrication, selling and buying because it is easy rectified the job before production through design procedure. And it becomes clearer after comparing it with both CNC and traditional methods. ( efunda, 2010 ) Other benefits of rapid prototyping are follows, ( Wimpenny, ( 2010 ) ) Elimination of clip of tooling and cost Complexity does non state about cost and clip. Bespoke/customised parts which are non possible for early methods. Through procedure is really easy to unite parts. It is easy to incorporate parts like mechanical and electronics Need non to piece the portion it will automatically come after procedure. Proper look into up cut down the stock list Easy to machine complex geometries like hollow parts and crisp interior cones.3.0: Rapid Prototyping Technologies:Assortment of rapid prototyping engineering is being used in different country for different prototyping intent. The purpose consider as fabrication of follows, Hearing assistance shell Dental header, coronating and Bridgess3.1: Linear fabrication Technologies:3.1.1: Stereolithography ( SLA ) : Stereolithography ( SLA ) is an linear fabrication engineering for bring forthing paradigms, forms, theoretical accounts, and in some instances, production parts. SLA builds theoretical account of plastic parts individual bed at a clip by following beam of optical maser on the VAT of liquid UV curable exposure polymer rosin. When UV light work stoppages the surface of the polymer rosin solidify the individual bed of rosin, when one bed is completed after following, the built platform descend in deepness by individual bed thickness ( Schmitt, 2005 ) . Then, a rosin filled blade expanses over the cross subdivision and make full it with fresh stuff and so optical maser once more do the same procedure on the top of the old bed, this procedure continues until the theoretical account is produced. Material self adhesive belongings to bond each bed and forma complete 3D theoretical account, after edifice parts are cleaned in dawanol rosin and intoxicant and so cured in a UV oven. ( wikipedia, 2010 ) Stereolithography requires support for some object holding complex geometries like over bents and under cuts to keep the portion in lift platform and to forestall alteration in geometry from non debaring because of gravitation but to keep accurately. Supports are either automatically or manually designed along with the theoretical account, after procedure completion elevates it from VAT and cut off the supports. Then station processing requires which include cleansing and station remedy. ( Schmitt, 2005 ) Fig 1: The stereolithography procedure ( wikipedia, 2010 ) Advantages of Stereo lithography: ( Wimpenny, ( 2010 ) ) High quality surface finish with good mechanical strength Models are clear and sound in declaration Reliable for high productiveness Disadvantages of Stereolithography: Expansive in machines and care every bit compared to others and Complete service in contract and besides require laser replacing. Materials are expensive ( ?120-200/kg ) and in limited scope Should see wellness and safety issues with accessory equipment Wet stuff handling Require station processing 3.1.2: Laser Sintering ( LS ) : â€Å" Laser sintering ( LS ) is an linear fabrication technique by which parts are produces straight from 3D CAD theoretical account built bed by bed similar to SLA but instead than liquid rosin pulverization is used † ( Arptech, 2010 ) . The CO2 Laser beam traces the all right heat fusible pulverization bed to increase its liquescent temperature so that pulverization fuses and organize a solid mass. The optical maser beam energy is maintained merely to blend pulverization in defined country of cross subdivision. The whole chamber temperature is fixed merely below the runing point of pulverization, so laser somewhat increase the temperature for sintering procedure or it means that welding without runing ( Arptech, 2010 ) . For the following measure Piston descend by individual bed thickness to resign topographic point for the new pulverization bed. Roller dispersed powder stuff on the built platform. This procedure continues until the sold theoretical account is produced with blending each bed below it. Then parts removed from the platform and left pulverization is removed for farther usage, produced portion may necessitate station processing for good surface coating such as sanding, it depend on the application. Complex geometries like overhangs and under cuts are supported by the solid pulverization bed. ( Schmitt, Rapid prototyping in dental medicine: engineering and application, 2005 ) Advantages of LS: ( Wimpenny, ( 2010 ) ) Potential stuffs are available in broad scope for processing Properties of the produced portion are really near to technology criterions With out station hardening theoretical accounts are used Fresh pulverization Acts of the Apostless as the support No demand to plan supports Easy to take support stuff Support stuff can be partly ( 30 % ) reused = less waste Supports are wholly removed with out feeling Partss are stacked on the top and inside the another object Disadvantages of LS: Process get shrink so need to give compensation Difficult procedure as compared to SLA Partss are porous require excess care/ powdery surface Build orientation defines the belongingss Brittle parts as compared to others Dust control is a large job in this procedure Fig 2: Laser sintering procedure plants ( Arptech, 2010 ) 3.1.3: Fused Deposition Modeling ( FDM ) : â€Å" Construction of 3D theoretical accounts through the uninterrupted deposition of an extruded fibril of stuff † ( Wimpenny, ( 2010 ) ) FDM is largely known as a 2nd best prototyping engineering after SLA ( Additive3d, 2010 ) ; it consists of temperature governable caput which extrude bed by bed thermo fictile stuff. Material is supplied to an bulge nose through a plastic fibril which is non wounded on a spiral. Heated nozzle melt the plastic in to semi liquid province and it besides has a mechanism through which it pour the liquid province plastic when it required agencies on and off system. Nozzle is allowed to travel in both perpendicular and horizontal waies and it is set on a mechanical phase. As the nozzle base on balls through the tabular array it pour the liquid province fictile stuff in the needed flight bed by bed. The fictile rapidly solidify and bonded with the old bed after chuck outing from the nose. The whole system is hold in a chamber which is maintained at a temperature somewhat lower so the runing point of plastic. Assortment of patterning colourss and stuffs are available in FDM procedure such as investing casting wax and medical class ABS. ( Schmitt, Rapid prototyping in dental medicine: engineering and application, 2005 ) Fig 3: Fused deposition patterning procedure ( express.redeyeondemand, 2010 ) Advantages of FDM: ( Wimpenny, ( 2010 ) ) Operation is simple Machines are inexpensive and dependable as compared to others Assortment of stuffs can be used for functional paradigms Easy to run in office environment. Disadvantages of FDM: Slow in procedure Partss are porous so they require excess attention Build orientation set the belongingss otherwise delamination can happen Support stuff should be removed otherwise it modify the physique stuff which are manually broken Waste of support stuff3.1.4: 3D Printing:â€Å" 3D printingA uses standard inkjet publishing engineering to make parts layer by bed by lodging a liquid binder onto thin beds of pulverization. Alternatively of feeding paper under the print caputs like a 2D pressman † ( Materialise, 2010 ) , in 3D printing procedure print caput prints the portion cross subdivision informations after go throughing over a bed of pulverization. Feed Piston and platform are mechanized to administer pulverization in full physique platform equally and accurately, which comes up bit by bit for every individual bed. Powder which is distributed from feed Piston is spread on a build platform through roller mechanism. After distributing the pulverization bed, Printing starts with inkjet print caput to the cross subdivision of the first bed or the base of the theoretical account on the all right bed of pulverization, with pasting the pulverization together. After this Piston fall the platform by individual bed thickness of 0.1mm and fresh bed of pulverization is distributed equally on the top of earlier 1. The print head start publishing new bed after using informations for the following cross subdivision, and it besides glued automatically with the old 1. This procedure repeated it self for every individual bed until the solid theoretical account is produced ( Materialise, 2010 ) . After finishing the procedure, The reinforced chamber and parts are supported by left pulverization. Partss are removed from the build chamber after stuff get set, feed platform usage staying loose pulverization for farther production. Fig 4: 3D Inkjet printing procedure ( Rapid prototyping centre, 2010 ) Advantages of 3D printing: Less fabrication cost for little and medium parts Good surface coating can be achieved through station processing and sanding Partss are reused after painting and smoothing Disadvantages of 3D printing: 3DP parts have small unsmooth visual aspect because of fictile bead layering Not good for big portion because slow in procedure 3.1.5: Jetting ( PolyJet from Objet ) : Jeting is significantly similar to stereolithography in engineering with lone difference that it uses solid province exposure sensitive stuff. PolyJet engineering works on the jetting procedure in which exposure polymer stuffs are jetted on a built platform in extremist thin beds to finish portion bed by bed. Ultra violet visible radiation remedies every individual exposure polymer stuff bed instantly after gushing, with out station hardening theoretical accounts are to the full cured on managing and can be used instantly. The supports which are designed to back up complex geometries are really easy to take by manus or H2O jetting because it is gel like support stuff. ( Materialise, 2010 ) Fig 5: Ployjet printing procedure ( Art corporation, 2010 )3.1.6: Multi jet Mold:Multi Jet Modeling is a fast rapid prototyping engineering besides footings as Thermo jet and is used for construct mold. The theoretical accounts truth is less every bit compared to stereolithography because of wax like plastic theoretical accounts. â€Å" The procedure uses a print caput that consists of additive arranged jets which spray bantam droplets of liquid liquid stuff which cool and harden on impact to organize the solid object † . ( ( About.com, 2010 ) ) Fig 6: multi jet patterning procedure ( Wimpenny. D. ( 2010 ) . RP & A ; CNC machining, Rapid Product Development, De Montfort University, Leicester ) Advantages of Multi jet mold: ( Cooper, 2001 ) Cost effectual Reliable Good surface finish and net working capableness Disadvantages of Multi jet mold: Materials are low in strength Relatively high cost for edifice stuffs Partss of support stuffs are unsmooth in surface3.2: Materials:Linear fabrication procedure requires different stuffs for different single application. Materials vary harmonizing to company and there machines. For Dental and Hearing parts the stuffs are suited such as, Perfactory- envisiontec e-shell 200- Rigid and Durable DMLS- Titanium and Cobalt crome 3D- Castable stuffs Solidscape D66+ 3D printer- Non toxic thermoplastic stuff Projet MP300- Visijet MP200 Dental theoretical account stuff Objet Eden machines- Full remedy rose and skin tone4.0: Application in Dental and Hearing industries:Hearing assistance shells Dental implants4.0.1: Hearing assistance shell machines:A: â€Å" LS are a free signifier fiction procedure using linear rapid fabrication engineering. The optical maser sintering engineering was developed at the University of Texas, originally licensed to DTM Corporation † . ( Paramount, 2010 ) Laser sintering has become the fabricating method of pick in the hearing assistance industry. This industry has to strongly necessitate to custom-make its merchandises, because the success of this procedure is to the full depend on the ability of portion to accommodate to the anatomy of the audile canal. The fabrication procedure does non depend on figure of indistinguishable or single merchandise and it ever runs with the same efficiency. The entire reinforced country of optical maser sintering system can be filled with several hundred hearing assistance shells and therefore all merchandises can bring forth in one dark. In this procedure optical maser copy the anatomy by making wax form so copied wax form scanned to make a 3D informations and apart from geometry every portion is integrate with certain designation figure so that that it can be easy identified after procedure. Laser sinter the shell and it will unite through electronic constituent. Presently this optical maser sinteri ng engineering produces about 100000 hearing assistance shells in a twelvemonth and it can be achieved through one individual plastic optical maser sintering machine ( Stotko, 2005 ) Fig 7: Laser sintered hearing assistance ( Stotko, 2005 ) Bacillus: Objet ‘s solution is the hearing assistance industry which done all necessary trial to guarantee that that the stuffs which are developed for hearing assistance instruments are suited for the procedure every bit good as Oklahoma from medical point of position. Objet ‘s Eden machines are work on Ployjet engineering and industry hearing AIDSs with perfect coating and good quality sing more flexibleness, productiveness and less cost. The solution including three material picks for alone hearing assistance instrument like clear, rose clear, skin tone. Machines particular rosin replacing system makes it easy to alter the rosin for the peculiar merchandise. Eden machines produce merchandise with really thin 16 micrometer bed thickness which are good in all facet for hearing industry. ( Objet, 2010 ) Fig 8: Objet hearing AIDSs for different stuffs ( Objet, 2010 ) Degree centigrades: Prefactory enhanced the hearing assistance shell sing both cost and clip. It besides offers the perfectness for the hearing assistance industry with over several medically approved stuff to offer with assorted skin tone colourss stuffs along with ruddy, bluish, tap, tan, mocca, ecru, chocolate, brown, black, white, rose clear and crystal clear it is new launched soft stuff. It is integrated on a face home base for application get downing from single hears casts to the concluding shells. ( envisionTec, 2010 ) Fig 9: Hearing assistance envision TEC e-Shell 200 series ( envisionTec, 2010 ) Through Perfactory 30 shells are produced at every 90 proceedingss which is more than earlier procedure because of its flexibleness in bring forthing parts with easy stuff changing. † EnvisionTEC e-Shell 200 is a liquid, photo-reactive propenoate for constructing functional parts which are tough, opaque, water- and perspiration-resistant † , and available in several different tegument tone colourss. ( envisionTec, 2010 ) 4.0.2: Dental Implants: Two chief paths ; 1: Investing casting from AM forms 2: Direct metal parts by optical maser sintering/melting4.0.2.1: Investing casting:Several machines capable of doing forms A: The Solidscape D66+ 3D pressman produce high precised wax form from 3D CAD information. This produces waxups utilizing linear engineering which is known as bead on demand jetting. The Non toxic thermoplastic stuff through which waxups produced are to the full castable and could non go forth any residuary ashes which create job for farther procedure. The whole procedure is clear in border and spreads because of negligible shrinking of the stuff and it besides remain consistent for every tally. ( Bruce Lusting, 2010 ) The D 66+ , which is an entryway to the new Prexacto merchandise line, is focused for bring forthing high quality wax forms for coronating and get bying and for other dental parts in little dental research labs. If it is used satisfactorily so the parts are produced at low cost with high degree of client satisfaction and it ‘s of import for proper digital dental medicine flow. The Solidscape Prexacto is the perfect merchandise line sing both monetary value and public presentation for dental research labs. ( CAD BLU DENTAL, 2010 ) D66+ produced 750 units per month with low norm cost so the earlier one and it besides saves more than $ 12,000 per month over traditional methods. ( Bruce Lusting, 2010 ) Fig 10: Solidscape D66+ pressman ( CAD BLU DENTAL, 2010 ) Bacillus: For dental procedure the Envisiontec perfactory Digital Dental Printer ( Perfactory DDP ) is a really good machine for bring forthing dental parts. The capableness of machine is that it can fabricate 65 anatomical wax get bying or units with good declaration of 35 micrometers in less than two hours utilizing wax based polymer system and besides it can bring forth parts with accurate spread systematically. Digital dental pressman is capable for cap, Crowns and Bridgess production without fring the existent size. The Perfactory DDP from envision TEC is absolutely convenient for procedure where both header and metallic ceramic pressure are built on the machine at the same time. The concluding printed portion get bying produced automatically with a psilosis on a system, which was designed for the simple arrangement for direct investing casting. Assortment of stuffs is available harmonizing to demands. ( envisionTec,2010 ) Fig 11: Digital alveolar consonant printing ( envisionTec, 2010 ) Degree centigrades: 3D production system launches its first economical Projet MP300 for both little and average dental labs. This new compact system green goods parts with the latest coevals of 3d systems patented and proprietary Multijet Modeling engineering. It gives the perfect characteristic definition at high physique velocity. Projet MP3000 produces dental portion theoretical accounts from new lasting and high contrast Visijet MP200 Dental theoretical account stuff for the application. ( 3D systems, 2010 ) The system can bring forth theoretical account with good surface coating and proper size and besides it can construct multi theoretical accounts in a individual clip. Same twenty-four hours processing helps to minimise cost and clip because it works with plaster and feeling scanner. ( 3D systems, 2010 ) Fig 12: ProJet MP 3000 3D Printing System ; Working Model ( 3D systems, 2010 )4.0.2.2: Laser sintering / MeltingThis engineering is used in dental and medical industries for bring forthing little and average sized direct parts, because of complexness in parts and tooling industry has to do insert tooling straight. With a great build envelop of 250mm ten 250mm ten 185mm tallness, and besides have the ability to fabricate multiple parts at individual clip ; DMLS is the engineering which is really effectual in both cost and clip. This used in both for cost economy technique to do it simple in assembly and geometry for production maker and rapid prototyping because it minimizes the clip of development for new merchandise. ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) Fig 13: SLM image ( 3D systems, 2010 )Typical forms like headers, Crowns and Bridgess are straight built in metal, utilizing Ti and Co chrome. Sinterstation Pro DM125 SLM is a system which manufactures straight to the full dense, stop metal parts with great smoothness and tolerances. ( 3D systems, 2010 )Linear Manufacturing Process Choice:5.0: Decision:This study highlights the usage of Additive fabrication engineering in production of hearing assistance instruments and dental implants. It besides concludes that how these engineerings are being used in medical industry for development and sweetening of medical parts. Particularly dental implant parts which are produced through investing casting linear fabrication procedure are more dependable, cost effectual and of import for digital dental medicine flow, nevertheless hearing assistance shells are produced through jetting procedure utilizing objet machines are really thin and assortment in colourss. Now patients are satisfied that the usage of linear fabrication engineering heightening the quality of merchandise sing all the factors, if u compare new merchandise with the earlier one so it is inexpensive and easy to utilize. In future as linear fabrication engineering and stuffs are keep on concentrating for development, so it will hike the medical industry in all facets. 6.0: Appendix:Jetting:Machines Solidscape D66+ 3D Projet MP 3000 Build size ( centimeter ) Resolution System package Input format Modeler weight Accuracy Material 15.24Ãâ€"15.24Ãâ€"15.24 5000Ãâ€"5000 XY declaration Windows CE STL or SCL 635 pound ( 288 Kg ) 0.001-0.002 per inch of portion dimension Non toxic thermo fictile stuff ( first-class strength and lost wax projecting qualities ) 29.8Ãâ€"18.5Ãâ€"20.3 328x328x606 DPI ( XYZ ) Windows XP or Windows 7 STL or SCL pound ( 34 Kg ) 0.001 per inch of portion dimension Visi jet MP200 build stuff ( Formulated for exceeding castability and visibleness ) Machines Eden250 Eden 260 Eden 350V Eden 500V Build size ( centimeter ) Resolution Input format Material Machine weight 26x26x20 600x300x1600 DPI ( XYZ ) STL and SCL Full remedy 720 Full remedy 705 support 280 Kg 26x26x20 600x300x1600 DPI ( XYZ ) STL and SCL Full remedy 720 280 Kg 35x35x20 600x300x1600 DPI ( XYZ ) STL and SCL Full remedy 720 Full remedy 705 support 410 Kg 50x40x20 600x300x1600 DPI ( XYZ ) STL and SCL Full remedy 720 Full remedy 705 support 410 Kg

International People Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Interaction Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interaction Devices - Essay Example Generally, touch screens offer more comfort to users than other input devices. In relation to this, people who are impaired and find keyboards and mice difficult to use will find touch screen devices easier to use. They are also easier to clean and maintain. In spite of their numerous advantages, touch screen devices are not without disadvantages. They may cause fatigue to users especially when installed for use in such places as demand straining or near extreme stretching of arms (Xiangshi, 2000). They may also be subject to obscurity after several episodes of touch. With the development of technology, more input devices are bound to be used in the future. While the keyboard, mouse and touch screen are used today, their use may be short lived. In ten years to come, computer input devices under use will probably use head tracking devices, hand tracking devices, laser keyboards, projected mice, and full body motion tracking devices as noted by Moeller

The place of music in my life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The place of music in my life - Essay Example I was born in China in a city called Ningbo in the northeastern of the Zhejiang province. Ningbo is a vibrant Hemudu Cultural Center dating Centuries back. In this culture, music is an essential ingredient only next to the martial arts. The two forms the way of life in the Ningbo neighborhood and China at large. However, at the age of ten my parents had to move to yet another cultural city of China called Hangzhou, the biggest and capital city of Zhejiang province in the east of China. With inspiration from the big cultural dances and dominance of the local music, I embraced the culture by accepting its lessons and joined the band. The lessons that I have learned and the life experiences have not only formed an excellent source inspiration but also fundamentally a source of motivation in my studies. In the spirit to venture more to music, I joined Hangzhou Foreign Language School for middle school. I sought this as a source of prosperity in the future study. In this, I ignored other choices that I was being pressurized into, for instance, my father wanted me to be a physician just like him. However, as the majority of the Chinese, my family embraces culture as the way of life so does everything that comes with culture. I knew language could give me more insight to music, especially the international music. This is why when I got a chance in as an international student I knew music would form a significant part of my life. It developed an opportunity to transform me from my music genre of choice.

Challenges and Opportunities for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Challenges and Opportunities for Managers - Essay Example Businesses that have a good crop of workers will outperform a company with subpar employees. The quality of the labor force influences on the performance of a company. Take for example two universities systems. One system is selective in its selection process of faculty member with a 90% doctorate rate among faculty members. This college pays its professor a median salary of $127,500. The second college does not emphasize college professors with doctorate studies. The average median salary at the second school was $65,000. Due to the difference in the composition of college professors between the two schools the university with greater credentials provides a higher quality of education. The higher salary offered by the first school made it easier for them to recruit professors with better credentials. Money or economic considerations are the top motivating factor for employees (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003). Selecting employees that have poor skills or that are less qualified t han other candidates hurts the corporation. Managers are exposed to a higher workload because poor employees require a higher attention and supervision from the managers to ensure they perform at the highest possible level. Good employees on the other hand are typically self-motivated which saves managers time.

A Study in to the Behavioural Aspects of Budgetary Control Process in Dissertation

A Study in to the Behavioural Aspects of Budgetary Control Process in a Manufacturing Organisation - Dissertation Example The paper tells when the individuals and their behaviour have started increasingly affecting the budgetary control process, there are circumstances in which the changing budgetary control and performance expectations affect the employee behaviours. However it so happens that many organisations adopt somewhat a mechanistic approach to the budgetary control process without the requisite consideration of the behavioural aspects of the human beings involved in the whole process. Hopewood argues, â€Å"Ultimately all forms of control must be expressed through the actions of individuals†. It is often forgotten that the goals and objectives of the organisation have to be accomplished with the help and support of the human beings associated with the organisation concerned. Therefore it becomes vitally important that the effect of individual behaviour on budget and the effect of budgets on the individuals’ course of action have to be carefully perceived to attain the objectives of the organisation without much pressure on employees and executives at any level of the organisation. The pressure on individuals that is being exerted by the budgetary process for meeting the performance standards has to be limited in its extent. Otherwise such pressure itself will become detrimental in maximizing the contribution by the individual employees. Similarly the norms and standards of performance should be so fixed that the employees should be able to attain them with more efforts. Any unattainable standards fixed by the budgetary process will lead only to frustration among the employees.

Case study (quize) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study (quize) - Essay Example Hong Kong is concerned, people are not just hurry to possess a product, but rather they seek the epistemic benefits from new Apple’s variant iPhone. Epistemic benefit refers to a benefit customers seek to acquire from a product’s capacity to satisfy his their curiosity, novelty and to meet a desire for newer knowledge. People rushing in Hong Kong to get Apple’s iPhone show severe propensity to adopt new product which is designed and implemented sophisticated technology (Piller and Tseng, 2010, p. 167). Suppose, if any one out of these people came to meet their need for enjoyment with Apple’s iPhone 4S, it can rather be viewed as Hedonic benefit. As compared to the competition, the benefit doesn’t seem to be unique. When new technology or highly differentiated product comes to market, it is quite common that customers show curiosity to obtain one. A unique value or unique benefit is a set of benefits or values that the company promises to deliver to the consumers to satisfy their needs (Armstrong and Kotler, 2005, p. 12). For Apple’s newly launched iPhone 4S, the unique value propositions and unique benefits may include its sophisticated technology, advanced user-friendly interface etc. What motivated customers to rush in to an Apple’s IFC store in Hong Kong was the curiosity to possess the new variant of Apple phone and therefore this benefit is not a unique one. Apart from Apple brand fanatic customers who lined up in the rushing queue, there were others who thought to make profits by reselling iPhones to more demanded customers in other areas anticipating higher demands for the same from customers. Unique values and core competencies that the company offered to customers are more seemingly to attract wider numbers of customers and that was the reason why people were eager to obtain more pieces of iPhones such as 300. Core competencies are part of value chain that make a unique and value-added contribution to the business. As Kerin, Hartley and

Marketing Plan First Draft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan First Draft - Essay Example It is also helpful to have a clear idea of who the potential competitors might be and what types of products they might be offering currently or be introducing in the near future. The discovery of these elements is the purpose of this marketing report for a new mud-pie making machine called the Monster Mud Machine. The Monster Mud Machine is the latest technology in backyard warfare for young and old alike. Forget about spending hours in preparation attempting to get just the right combination of dirt and water to make the ultimate in mud bombs. This machine will do all the work from the safety of the home bunker or backyard. Just add the type of dirt immediately available, set the dial, add water and wait for the mud bombs to emerge. The mud machine will work with loose sand, standard dirt and even ready-made mud in case the ground has already been saturated due to earlier mud or water wars. Should things become bogged down, the machine can be helped along with the aid of a fancy crank which provides a more integrated appeal to the process. The machine itself is not designed to be carried about as a form of hand to hand combat material, but is instead intended to be available for the creation of ‘weaponry’ from the individual home base of the backyard warrior. From the outside, the unit looks very much like an elaborate unevenly divided box. On the smaller side is an enclosed container with a spout on the top to be used as a water reservoir. The larger side has a funnel-shaped opening leading to the interior intended to assist with the loading of dirt, sand, or mud into the container. Gravity is the primary driver of the machine as the mud and water are naturally pulled to the bottom of the tanks where it is funneled into a constricted tube the roundness of the finished mud bombs. A hand-crank at one side of the dirt container can be used to stir the materials and keep them moving and provides the user with a sense of involvement – ‘like the

Mitochondrial DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mitochondrial DNA - Essay Example This is accomplished in humans by the sequencing one or more of the hypervariable control regions (HVR1 or HVR2) of the mitochondrial DNA (Schwartz & Vissing 2002). Mitochondrial Eve is referred to as an ancestor who has been hypothesized on the grounds of fossil as well as DNA evidence (Vigilant et al. 1991). Phylogenies are constructed on mtDNA comparison shown that the living humans whose mitochondrial lineages branched earliest from the tree are indigenous Africans, while the lineages of indigenous peoples on other continents all branch off from African lines (Vigilant et al. 1991). Researchers can reason that all humans descend from Africa; and then they migrated out of Africa to populate the rest of the world. If the mitochondrial analysis is accurate, then mitochondrial Eve represents the origin of the mitochondrial family tree. Eve must have predated the mass departure and lived in Africa (Vigilant et al. 1991). Mitochondrial Eve was the most recent matrilineal ancestor of humans alive today. On the other hand, as evident lineages died out, the status of common matrilineal ancestor would have been passed to a descendant of the previous matrilineal ancestor. ... The nucleotide sequence of the hypervariable 1 (HV-1) region of mtDNA was determined from samples of all four groups. There were 275 HV-1 sequences, and a total of 164 haplotypes were observed (Jackson et al.). Jackson reveals that through analysis of molecular inconsistency indicated that the distribution of these haplotypes within the Limba sample was considerably different from the other ethnic groups. He further states that there was no significant difference between the other groups (Jackson et al.). These distinguishing results show genetic differences that can be observed within different ethnic groups in considerably close proximity of each other. Moreover, Jackson, and his group, observed some mtDNA haplotypes that were similar among the Sierra Leone ethnic groups and that have not been published in any other West African studies (Jackson et al.). As a result, there may be evidence for mtDNA lineages that are unique to this region of Western Africa. The methods of sampling w ere cheek swabs, using the BuccalAmp DNA Extraction kit according to the manufacturer's specifications, which were taking from 166 unrelated individuals from all four ethnic groups: Mende, Temne, Loko, and Limba (Jackson et al.). These samples were obtained in pre-arranged meetings and males were primarily observed. This was because matrilineal and patrilineal studies were conducted (Jackson et al.). Matrilineal and patrilineal ethnic lineages over three generations were recorded for each individual. The mtDNA haplotypes were determined by analyzing the nucleotide sequence of the hypervariable region (HV-I). HV1 sequences were allied and edited from positions 16001-16480 to ensure the identification of unambiguous polymorphisms (Jackson et al.). 480 bases of HV-I

Malaysia’s financial service Essay Example for Free

Malaysia’s financial service Essay 1.0 Introduction Maybank was established in 1960, Maybank has grown into an international brand. Malaysia’s financial services leader with presence in 20 countries operating from 2,200 offices, with a workforce of over 47,000. Corporate responsibility is integral to the way they do their business. For more than 50 years ago, they have believed in an actively practiced ‘Putting People First’. To be Maybank customers, investors, partners, employee or even the community. In 1990, Maybank has set up the Tabung Kebajikan Kumpulan Maybank (TKKM), a trust fund through which Maybank could reach out to various communities to bring about good social. Over the years, TKKM has evolved and grown. Beginning with medical and social welfare, the fund soon found other ways in which it could contribute to positive change by nurturing continuing economic and community development, heritage preservation and environment conservation. In 2010, in conjunction with the group’s 50th anniversary, the Maybank foundation replaced TKKM as a guidance of hope for all those who are isolated and disadvantaged. As Maybank new vehicle for Corporate Responsibility, the Maybank foundation aims to expand their impact across the region, touching lives wherever they are operate, and empowering communities to build a better future both for present and future generations. http://maybankfoundation.com/history.html Maybank Group offers a comprehensive range of products and services that includes commercial banking, investment banking, Islamic banking, offshore banking, leasing and hire purchase, insurance, factoring, trustee services, asset management, stock broking, nominee services, venture capital and Internet banking. 1.1 Introduction Maybank’s mission is to humanize financial services across Asia, by providing access to financial services to the people at fair terms and pricing, and to be always at the heart of the community. Maybank vision is to be the leading financial solutions provider in the target markets and communities they commit to save. http://www.maybank.com/en/about-us/who-we-are/overview.page The target market would be for resident that has identity card of themselves and local, it can be adult, youth and young kids for their saving money. The resident can be a consumers, investors, entrepreneurs, non-profit organizations and corporation any purpose can using the Maybank without worrying. . 2.0 Comparison with others competitors 2.1 SWOT analysis Strength (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Strength of Maybank is the leading regional market. It is the largest bank in Malaysia in terms of number of branches where is it was 384 domestic branches and 190 international branches and office of the Maybank. Maybank is the largest listed on the Malaysian stock exchange, Bursa Malaysia, with market capitalization of over RM54 billion as end of March 2011. Capital adequacy, Dividend Yield, Return on Assets and return on Equity are substantially higher than the industry and sector average. A Higher returns is according to its financial report Maybank showed low overhead and cost. Maybank has a customer base of more than 21 million. The user of friendly website, www.maybank2u.com.my is the pioneer for internet banking in Malaysia and easy to be used, it does not wasting people time to go to the bank to make their business. With maybank2u people can do their business smoothly without worrying their busy time. Maybank is the largest Banking Service Provider in Malaysia with their ATM Machines widely available all over Malaysia even the international money transfer service was owned by a Maybank Malaysia, its available through Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam and Pakistan. Maybank product line is diversification from loans, financing, deposit, insurance to investment Banks, over 100% increase in Sales Performance at branches increased product penetration in Maybank’s corporate client product portfolio. Weaknesses Weaknesses of Maybank is too much of Banking Operation are focused in and around Malaysia and Singapore, hence limited global penetration and too much revenue comes from retail banking and Islamic Banking, less revenue comes from other offerings. Revenue Concentration with all the good branding, Malaysia is still low of the customer satisfaction rating. They are rated at number of 17out of 17 banks in Malaysia for the customer service in year 2010. Maybaks has no continual evaluation and updating of human resources practice and policies. The workers collateral agreement has been passed due from March 2010. The increase of none Interest expense, Maybank has a reputation for the new product development and creativity. However, they remain vulnerable to the possibility that their innovation may weaken overtime due to homogeneous product service. Maybank has a strong presence in the Malaysia, as they need to look for a portfolio of other countries in order to spread business risk. Mayban k tends to invest in countries which have none stable economic presence such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines. Maybank share price is low than other banks and have to pay a huge amount of money to stakeholder. 2.2 SWOT analysis Opportunity Maybank growing global Islamic Finance Market as a Maybank Islamic Berhad on track to record RM1 billion in pre-tax profit for 2012. The wider regional Islamic Finance Market to Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, China, the Philippines and the Middle East. Maybank were the business expansion that can explore and exploit are sized up and its growth potential assessed in the profile. The strategic Restructuring scout for the potential investments and acquisition targets, with detailed insight into the company’s strategies, financial and operational performance. Maybank high opportunity is to expand into countries like Laos, once the banks gets the license to operate and to grow in investment banking in Hong Kong. Growth in internet banking will increase the customer base. Maybank is exploring the international banking opportunity in Thailand, Myanmar and Cambodia to achieve its plan to become Regional Financial services leader in 2015. Threats 2.2 Marketing strategies Marketing strategies is the Maybank employee promotes their product from old product to new product to everyone. Which is they promote at a shopping mall, where a lots of people and easy to get a customer. They promote by using a card or giving a short talk about their product such as in terms of giving loan with smaller interest. There are many types of the product for the Maybank to promote for the customer. Undisputed No. 1 Retail Financial Services Provider in Malaysia In Malaysia, Maybank is aiming to maintain their top ranking, in terms of overall market share, across their core retail financing products including mortgages, automobile financing, credit cards, unit trust financing, and individual deposits. Maybank is intending to reinforce their leadership position in touch points and distribution network as a key community destination and focal point. The Maybank Customer Value Proposition centers on convenience and serving the needs of the community and they are committed to the values of a One Stop Shop, Needs Based Selling and World Class Services. They will leverage on a shared distribution model across all parts of the Group network, and will customize and differentiate their products by segment to meet the needs of their four different types of customers: High Net Worth, Affluent, Mass and SME. The Group will also capitalize on technology and innovation to achieve high performance in processing times and customer service. Leading ASEAN Wholesale Bank and eventually to expand into the Middle East, China and India Maybank is aim to become the leading ASEAN wholesale bank which will involve enhancing to corporate relationship model. Strategic initiatives will include Improving domestic and regional market position for corporate and non-retail deposits; Building a regional investment bank, increasing contributions to revenue from non-domestic markets and increasing the fee to income ratio contribution. Maybank also aim to expand to the Middle East, Chi na and India. Undisputed Insurance and Takaful Leader in Malaysia and Emerging Regional Player Maybank is seek to be the domestic insurance champion and an emerging regional player by 2015 through the growth of their life, general insurance and takaful business, carried under the Etiqa brand. For general insurance and takaful, the Group will keep pace with industry growth while maintaining a healthy portfolio mix and supporting a better combined ratio compared to the market. To achieve organic growth in life or family business, they are aggressively growing the Assets under Management (AUM) of their life or family funds through product innovation. The strategy of the Maybank asset management subsidiary is to build a leading asset management brand by providing strong investment management support for Etiqa funds, wholesale funds and institutional mandates as well as by leveraging on Maybank’s extensive distribution network. Truly regional organization, with ËÅ"40% of pre-tax profit derived from international operations by 2015 Maybank goal is to become a truly re gional organization with approximately 40% of loans and pre-tax profit derived from international operations by 2015. This will be driven by their key markets of Indonesia and Singapore. At the same time, Maybank are developing a presence in the Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam and China by building scale and scope in these growth markets. Global leader in Islamic Finance Maybank target is to have one third of their domestic financing backed by Islamic financial assets by 2015. To achieve this, Maybank Islamic banking operations will take full advantage of Maybank’s huge domestic branch network as well as its electronic banking platforms and the various distribution outlets of Maybank strategic partners. Maybank also aim to grow their Islamic business in markets like Indonesia and Singapore. Our Islamic banking operations, meanwhile, will focus on delivering innovative and globally accepted products and services that differentiate they Maybank from other Islamic financial institutions. http://www.scribd.com/doc/106370482/Swot-Analysis 2.3 Pricing strategies http://www.onlinebanksguide.com/maybank/loan.html Maybank provides various types of loans to both the personal and business banking customers. The available loans include personal, home, car, ASB and government guarantee loans as well as the Maybank Mikro and Islamic Mikro for a small business enterprises and self-employed individuals. Apart from Malaysia, various types of loans including personal, car, education and home or housing loans are also available in Singapore and consumer loans in Philippines. Maybank Loan ASB Maybank ASB loans or financing are provided for purchasing ASB unit trust. ASB are available in two types namely ASB financing and ASB financing I. Both are offered with a minimum loan amount of RM 10,000 and up to a maximum of RM 400,000. The details of pricing, payment, period and other requirements can be obtained from the website. Maybank Loan Car Maybank car or auto loans are available for purchasing and financing on new or second hand cars. On the other hand, these loans can also be used for financing on reconditioned or modified the motor vehicles. In addition, the Islamic and conventional car loans are available with the margin of finance value up to 90% of the seller’s invoice at the maximum and the maximum repayment period of to nine years. Maybank Loan Home Maybank home loans are provided for buying a new house or financing on various types of properties under construction or completed properties. These loans are available as the following types. * Maxi Home * Maxi Home–i with variable and fixed rate option * Home Equity-i Maybank Loan Rate Maybank loan rates are varied from one type to another and the interest rate also depends on the type of the loan and amount borrowed from the bank. For the home loans, the rates are available in various options including the variable and fixed rate packages. In fact the home loans are offering at the lowest rate of 4.50% for the first 3 years. Maybank Loan Calculator Maybank provides various types of web based calculators to calculate the monthly repayment, maximum repayment amount, maximum financing amount for the home loans and monthly installment for car or auto loans. These calculators are available as home loan, Islamic home loan and hire purchase calculator. 2.4 Product concentration 2.5 Types of short term and long term loan available Business loan http://www.maybank2u.com.my/mbb_info/philippines/public/personalList04.do?channelId=FIN-FinanceprogramId=FIN05-CorporateComLoanchCatId=/mbb/Personal/FIN-Finance Floor Stock Financing A revolving facility providing finance for auto dealers working capital requirements to support purchase of inventory of new vehicles for a short term period Salary Loan Salary deductible loans for any legal purpose granted to qualified employees of companies accredited by the Bank. Revolving Credit Line Loan granted for purpose of working capital, where the amount paid is made continuously available provided it does not exceed the approved credit line. Short Term Loan Term loans are granted for the purposes of project financing, capital assets acquisition, or business expansion 3.0 Conclusion Assignment 2 1.0 Question 1 Calculate the future value of RM1, 000 invested today for three years at 10% (i=0.10) interest rate per annum? Simple interest FV = P (1+ (I x n) ) P = amount borrowed / principal I = interest rate N = number of years FV 1st year = RM1,000 (1+ (0.10 x 1) ) = RM1,000 (1.1) = RM1,100 FV 2nd year = RM1,000 (1+(0.10 x 2) ) = RM1,000 (1.2) = RM1,200 FV 3rd year = RM1, 000 (1+(0.10 x 3) ) = RM1,000 (1.3) = RM1,300 1.1 Question 1 Compound interest FV = P (1+i)n FV 1st year = RM1,000 (1+0.10)1 = RM1,000 (1.1) = RM1 100 FV 2nd year = RM1 100 (1+0.10)2 = RM1 100 (1.21) = RM1 331 FV 3rd year = RM1 331 (1+0.10)3 = RM1 331 (1.331) = RM1 771.561 2.0 Question 2 PV= FV1+in PV = RM100 1(1+0.05)1 + RM100 1(1+0.05)2 + RM1000 1(1+0.05)3 PV = RM100(1.05) + RM100(1.05)2 + RM1100(1.05)3 PV = RM95.24 + RM90.70 + RM950.22 PV = RM1 136.16 3.0 Question 3 Simple interest FV 1st year = RM10 000 (1+ (0.06 x 1) ) = RM10 000 (1.06) = RM10 600 FV 2nd year = RM10 000 (1+(0.06 x 2) ) = RM10 000 (1.12) = RM11 200 FV 3rd year = RM10 000 (1+(0.06 x 3) ) = RM10 000 (1.18) = RM11 800 FV 4th year = RM10 000 (1+(0.06 x 4) ) = RM10 000 (1.24) = RM12 400 FV 5th year = RM10 000 (1+(0.06 x 5) ) = RM10 000 (1.3) = RM13 000 3.1 Question 3 Compound interest FV 1st year = RM10 000 (1+0.06)1 = RM10 000 (1.06) = RM10 600 FV 2nd year = RM10 600 (1+0.06)2 = RM10 600 ( 1.1236) = RM11 910.16 FV 3rd year = RM11 910.16 (1+0.06)3 = RM11 910.16 (1.191016) = RM14 185.19 FV 4th year = RM14 185.19 (1+0.06)4 = RM14 185.19 (1.26247696) = RM17 908.48 FV 5th year = RM17 908.48 (1+0.06)5 = RM17 908.48 (1.338225578) = RM23 965.59 4.0 Question 4 5.0 Question 5

The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil

The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil In Lucifer Effect Dr Zimbardo discusses his Stanford Prison Experiment conducted in 1971 in relevance to the prison abuses in Abu Ghraib in 2003. It is a shocking book presenting the transformation from an average good person into a bad brutal individual; the metamorphosis from Lucifer into Satan. At the same time Dr Zimbardo explains how this transformation is possible, how group dynamics and situational factors, maintained by the system influence human behaviour to create monsters even of normal good people. Moreover, Zimbardo discusses how to defend ourselves from becoming an evil. At the end he presents the victory of heroism and give a hope everyone is also able to do the most heroic acts. Body: What makes good people do bad things? This is a disturbing question which occupies our mind remembering the mass murders such as those of Cambodia, Darfur, Rwanda, Holocaust or May Lai. Would Holocaust occur again, Askenasy asks in his book Are we all Nazis? (in Blass, 1992). Milgram answers that if a system of death camps were set up in the United States of the sort we had seen in Nazi Germany, one would be able to find sufficient personnel for those camps in any medium-sized American town (CBS News, 1979, p. 7-8 cited in Blass, 1999, p. 956). Although most people would deny it claiming they could never be like them. (Blass, 2004, p. 35-36; Meyer, p. 71) surprisingly the examples from history and research studies have shown that everyone is capable of acting even in the most horrifying ways depending on the situational circumstances. People often underestimate the impact of the external factors because they cannot admit how easily they could be manipulated by situational forces, the concept known as fundamental attribution error (Jones Harris, 1967; Gilbert and Malone, 1995; Gilbert, 1998; Zimbardo, 1990). The studies on obedience (Baumrind, 1964; Burger, 2007; Burley McGuiness, 1977; Glasser, 1971; Halberstam, 1965; Kaufmann, 1967; Kilham Mann, 1974; Meeus Raaijmakers, 1987; Mantell, 1971; Milgram, 1963; 1965; 1974, p. 195; Ring, Wallston, Corey, 1970; Shanab Yahya, 1977, 1978; Sullivan, 1963; Taylor, 1970;), institutional aggression (Johnson, 1986; 1998), mass killings and genocides (Browing, 1993, Katz, 2004; Staub 1989; Waller, 2002) have indicated that violence is not determined by dispositional factors but it is a product of a situation. What social psychology has given to an understanding of human nature is the discovery that forces larger than ourselves determine our mental life and our actions chief among these forces is the power of the social situation (Banaji, 2001, p. 15). We dont have to look far to find an example of a blind authority follower. The Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was an ordinary citizen who was charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Nuremberg Trial in 1961 while he was just doing his job (Arendt, 1963, p. 135), only following orders (Zimbardo 2007, p. 218). Hanna Arendt helps us to understand that the Holocaust was not executed by fanatics but by normal people who accepted the state rules and therefore perceived their actions as normal. (Waxman, 2009). Anyone can be seduced to act wrong (Zimbardo 2004, p. 25). The Eichmann was not an exception; the manpower of Nazis in Final Solution was supported even by average elderly German citizens (Browning, 1993, p.16). The question what makes people act in the destructive ways has been long answered blaming the defective genes, the bad seeds responsible for pathological behaviour (Haney, Banks, Zimbardo, 1973b; Zimbardo, 2004, p. 21, 24). Starting from the landmark study, Stanf ord Prison Experiment (SPE) (Haney et al.,1973; Zimbardo, 1989; Zimbardo, Maslach, Haney, 2000) Lucifer Effect challenges this notion and argues that people act in the inhumane ways because they get poisoned by external factors, by a moment of a situation (Lewin, 1951) which is often supported by the bad system giving permission for a pathological behavior (Zimbardo, 2007). Stanford Prison Study shows the power of institution to influence the individual. It describes the transformation of normal, average students into aggressive, sadistic guards or passive, helpless and emotionally devastated prisoners playing the roles in the mock prison created in the dungeon of Stanford University. The study predicted for two weeks had to be terminated just only in 6 days because of the emotional breakdown of 5 of the students (Zimbardo, 1971; Zimbardo et al., 2000; 2004, p. 40). Dr Zimbardo saw the SPE as the parallel to the controversial abuses in Abu Ghraib (AG), which shaken the morality of the world in 2004 (p. 324; A Human Rights Watch Report [HRW], 2004; 2005; Stannard, 2004; Kersten Sidky, 2005; Dorf 2010; Zimbardo). The unbelievable humiliations of Iraqi detainees by American soldiers, who abused them in a number of horrifying ways (p. 357; Schlesinger et al., 2004; Taguba, 2004; Fay, 2004, p. 4) was not a surprise for Dr Zimbardo who saw it in SPE where prisoners became numbers inducing their powerless and dependence, were dehumanized and involved in humiliating tasks (p. 219; Haney et al, 1973b; Zimbardo et al., 2009). President Bush described the AG events as the incidents of few bad apples (Landford, 2009; Associated Press, 2005; Childs, 2005; Fox News, 2004; HRW, 2004; 2005) who were punished in the names of justice (HRW, 2005). Zimbardo, an expert witness for one of the guards, argues that there were not rotten apples, which should have been f ound guilty but it was the fault of the bad barrel which corrupted everything inside it (Zimbardo, 2008). Like in SPE good people were put in a bad, psychologically unhealthy situation, which had a dramatic impact on their behaviour and produced deviant deeds. (Zimbardo et al., 2000, p. 17). The soldiers in Abu Ghraib were just US Military Police Army Reservists (p. 335; Schlesinger et al., p. 12; Taguba, 2004) without any preparation to run the prison (p. 346, 377; Hersh, 2004; Schlesinger et al., 2004, p. 16; Taguba, 2004), exactly like the students role- playing the guards in the prison-like stimulated environment or just like the elderly men who joined the crimes of the Nazis. When placed in a novel unfamiliar situation, their learnt reaction patterns stopped working and their morale disengaged (Zimbardo, 2008) leading to the immoral behaviour. Soldiers, in the middle of the interrogation center, experienced a lot of pressure from Central Intelligence Agency to break the enemy (p. 336-37, 349, 382; Schlesinger et al., 2004, p.8; CBS News , ). Labelling the Iraqi the enemy (Allen Priest, 2004; CNN, 2001; Landford, 2009), enouncing the war with terrorism (p. 377, 430; HRW, 2004; 2005; Miles, 2006),) and the recent change in country attitude toward torture after 9/11 maintained by worldwide media and American administration (Zimbardo, 2004, p.35) gave the guards the permission to dehumanize the prisoners (Strozier as cited in Schwartz, 2004;) and treating them like dogs (Zimbardo, 2007, p. 337, 414). The powerful systemic forces created a fear across the country Zimbardo 2004, p. 35) and induced systematic propaganda under the cover of national security exactly as described in the novel 1984 (George Orwell, 1981) or Fahrenheit 451 (Ray Bradbury, 2007), in which societys enslavement to conformity was generated. It was enough to justify the horrific behaviour and made even killing acceptable and rationalized (p. 430; Zimbardo, 2004, p. 28, 35; Stratman, 2004). Additionally, there was no discipline in the Abu Ghraib and the unit was understaffed (p.336; Danner, 2004, p. 17; Gray Zielinski, 2006; Schlesinger, 2004; Stannard, 2004; Taguba, 2004). The place was kept in a secret (HRW, 2005), constantly under attack (Fay, 2004; Schlesinger 2004, p.11) without sufficient control (p. 348; Fay 2004, ; Schlesinger, 2004, p. 13; HRW, 2004; 2005) and strong leadership (Fay, 2004. ; Schlesinger, 2004, p.16). The situation was far from normal. Additionally, no formal policies or procedures to follow (p. 347) and confusion regarding the Geneva Convention (HRW, 2004; 2005; Schlesinger, p. 6-7, 14, 29, 37-38) gave the guards permission to do unthinkable crimes and torture like the superintendent Zimbardo let the abuses happen in SPE. As Lt. Col. Thomas Kolditz argued when the power is given to people without oversight it is a pure formula for violence (Donn, 2004). Human Rights Watch Report agrees with Dr Zimbardo that not few individuals should have be en blamed for brutality on site but the extraordinary pressures of the system which contributed to the abuses (Zimbardo, 2004, p. 47; HRW, 2004; 2005), the architects of the policies were responsible for creating the situation where abuses became a part of normality (HRW, 2004; 2005). The normality of the soldiers was the crime for us watching it from distance. If the guards had understood the mechanism of powerful situational forces maybe they could have been able to resist acting immorally. One of the factors contributing to the immoral deeds is deindividuation (Deiner, 1980; Festinger, Pepitone, Newcomb, 1952; Zimbardo 1970)) which fosters anonymity and violence, shutting down rational thinking about the consequences (p. 219; Festinger et al., 1952; Zimbardo, 1969; 1970; 2004, p. 33). What is the most frightening is the fact that deindividuation can be achieved simply by changing external appearance (Golding, 1954, p. 58, 63; John Watson; Zimbardo, 2007, ch. 3, 10. Another factor is moral disengagement from negative actions by justifying the conduct, diffusing responsibility for own actions (Kelman Hamilton, 1989; Milgram, 1963, 1965, 1974, 1992), blaming the accountability on the role played (p. 218; Freedman, 1969; Haney, Zimbardo, 1973c), while blindly following authority (Bandura, Underwood, Fromson, 1975; Darley Latane, 1968), conforming to the group norms seeking acceptance (Moore, 1978, p. 36), discriminating those from different groups (Baumeister, 1997; Bernard, Ottenberg Redl, 1968; Johnson, 1986, 1998; Staub, 1989;; Tajfel, Flament, Billig, Bundy, 1971; Waller, 2002), ignoring the consequences of the action and blaming the victims for the outcome while dehumanizing them (Bandura, 1975; 1988; 1996; 1999; Bandura, Fromson, Underwood, 1975; Bandura et al. 1996; Bandura, Osofsky, Zimbardo, 1999; 2005; 1998, 2003, str 511; Darley Latane, 1968 ). An individual has to be perceived as inhuman in order to make an unethical conduct com fortable for the perpetrator (p. 402; Kelman, 1973; Leyens et al., 2003),. Dehumanization process includes putting people into the roles (Haney Zimbardo, 1973) e.g. giving them the same uniforms and assigning numbers. As discrepancy between the immoral actions and personal beliefs occurs cognitive dissonance is created (p. 219; Aronson , Carlsmith, 1968 ; Festinger, 1957). The bigger the discrepancy between ones values and actions the more motivated the individual is to attain harmony (Janis and King, 1954; King and Janis,1956; Culbertson, 1957; Zimbardo, 1965).What is more, when people cannot deny their actions they tend to rationalize them persuading themselves and others that they followed the rational guidelines when making the decision (Zimbardo, 2007, p. 220). Grossman argues further that with the proper conditioning and the proper circumstances, it appears that almost anyone can and will kill (Grossman , 1995, p.4). It supports the notion that systematisation in creating the enemy which threaten the safety of people play an important role in inducing antisocial behaviour (Zimbardo, 2004, p. 43-45). When a pathological behaviour is additionally supported by authorities such as state or an institution it opens the doors for serious abuses. As it is the responsibility of government is to establish and maintain ethical guidelines across a state, country or world Lucifer Effect offers an advice for the authorities to prevent situations which set up conditions for individuals to behave immorally. Zimbardo emphasises that understanding the socio-psychological process of situational transformation is not an excuse for individual to commit crimes. It is just an explanation how people can be corrupted to do inhumane deeds and indeed it should be wisely used to resist the evil. (Wang and Zimbardo, 2006-2008). Dr Zimbardo also gives a hope that as much as people are capable of wrongdoing the creative mastermind of human beings can also generate terrific actions (p. 444, Zimbardo, 1996, p. 621, str. 504, Zimbardo, 2008). Eventually, Lucifer Effect teaches how to be a hero in waiting (see p. 330-331, 457-458, 471, 474-475, Lankford, 2009; Zimbardo et al., 1999; Zimbardo, 2004, p. 40, Zimbardo, 2008 Conclusion: The Lucifer Effect presents how good people turn evil. It involves understanding what powerful dynamic factors come into play during the human character metamorphosis within different circumstances. Lucifer Effect explains that personality variables contribute just a bit to produce certain behaviour, alleviating or escalating the impact of the situational forces, which are lying at the base of the psycho-sociological interactions (Banaji, 2001, p. 15; Mischel, 1968; Mischel, Shoda, Rodriguez, 1989; Mischel, Shoda, Wright, 1993; Mischel Shoda, 1995; Mischel, 2004; Staub, 1898, p. 126, 127). The argument in the book is indeed a convincing demonstration that evil deeds are attributable to the power of the bad situation (Zimbardo, 1989; Asch, 1952; Sherif, 1966; Tajfel, 1978) which is often maintained by the bad system (Zimbardo, 2008). Nevertheless, Dr Zimbardo also emphasises that understanding evil is not excusing it and everyone should be responsible for their own actions because t he individual can learn how to resist immoral actions (Zimbardo, 2008). The account Dr Zimbardo takes agrees with Hanna Arendts (1977) statement that unless people are insane they have ability to tell right from wrong then we must be able to demand its exercise from every sane person, no matter how erudite or ignorant, intelligent or stupid, he may happen to be ( p. 13).

Assembly of Functional Cellulolytic Enzymes

Assembly of Functional Cellulolytic Enzymes In the present study, we reported the assembly of functional cellulolytic enzymes using a synthetic, cell-surface engineered yeast consortium. Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II (EGII) and cellobiohydrolase II (CBHII) and Aspergillus aculeatus ÃŽ ²-glucosidase I (BGLI) were displayed as fusion proteins with the AGA2p C-terminus of a-agglutinin on the cell surface of the diploid yeast strain Saccharomyces. cerevisiae Y5. The immobilization of each enzyme on the cell surface was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. This type of yeast consortium allowed convenient optimization of ethanol production by adjusting the combination ratios of each cell type for inducing synergy in cellulose hydrolysis. Next, the direct ethanol fermentation from steam-exploded corn stover was investigated. The optimized cellulase-displaying consortium produced 20.4 g/l ethanol from 48.4 g cellulose per liter after 72 h in the presence of a small amount of cellulase reagent (0.9 FPU/ml). These findings suggested the feasibility of the cellulase-displaying yeast consortium for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Currently, many technological barriers exist with respect to the economical production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomasses [1]. In the process of hydrolyzing cellulose into soluble sugars, multiple cellulases including endoglucanase (EG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and ÃŽ ²-glucosidase (BGL) are required [2]. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which combines enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation in one step, is a promising strategy for effective ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the traditional microorganism used for ethanol production, but it is unable to utilize cellulosic materials and a saccharification process is required prior to fermentation to produce glucose [3-4]. Numerous attempts have been made to engineer S. cerevisiae strains to express cellulases by cell surface engineering for direct ethanol production from cellulose, and although various bifunctional or trifunctional cellulose-degrading strains have been const ructed, the efficiency of cellulose degradation has not been sufficiently improved [5-9]. It would appear that co-expression of all cellulolytic enzymes in a single cell resulted in relatively low expression levels of cellulases, which may have been due to the heavy metabolic burden and potential jamming of the secretion machinery [6,7,10]. Therefore, in this study, we adapted a new strategy of performing simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with a synthetically engineered yeast consortium having the desired properties of cellulolytic ability and ethanol production to reduce the metabolic burden. The development of a diploid yeast strain is another promising strategy for improving expression levels of heterologous genes and enhancing the fermentation performance of S. cerevisiae. Because diploid strains have better growth ability as well as stress tolerances compared with haploid strains, they are particularly suited for industrial applications. Previously, our group reported on the construction of an à Ã‚ °-agglutinin expression system for genetic immobilization ÃŽ ²-glucosidase I on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae Y5 (Patent No: ZL200810222897.7, CGMCC2660). This diploid robust yeast strain possessed many advantages, such as higher ethanol yield, higher resistance to ethanol, and higher physiological tolerance to inhibitors present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Here, we report on our efforts to demonstrate the assembly of functional cellulolytic enzymes using a synthetic yeast consortium. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a novel cell surface engineered diploid yeast consortium for direct ethanol production from phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) and steam-exploded corn stover (CS), an important step toward direct ethanol production from insoluble cellulosic materials. The strains and plasmids used in this study are summarized in Table S1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y5 used for the yeast cell surface display of the cellulolytic enzymes was a newly developed diploid strain in our laboratory. E. coli Top 10 was used as the host strain for recombinant DNA manipulation. T. reesei was purchased from CICC (China Center of Industrial Culture Collection). E. coli transformants were grown in Luria-Bertani medium (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract and 1% NaCl, pH 7.0) supplemented with 100 ug/ml of ampicillin. S. cerevisiae Y5 transformants were selected and maintained on Geneticin plates (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone and 2% glucose supplemented with 600 ug/ml Geneticin) at 30 °C , were induced in YPG (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, and 2% galactose) at 20 °C. The fermentation medium was composed of 10 g/l yeast extract, 20 g/l polypeptone and 10 g/l PASC as the sole carbon source. The à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ lamentous fungus T. reesei was cultured in potato dextrose aga r medium (2% potato extract, 2% glucose) at 27 °C. The cDNA was synthesized from mRNA by using the First-Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Fermentas). Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals, media components and supplements were of analytical grade standard and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All restriction enzymes were purchased from New England BioLabs (Ltd. Beijing). Primers used for plasmid construction are provided in Table S2. Plasmid pAGA1 for over-expression of the AGA1 gene and plasmid pBGLI for cell surface display BGLI were constructed previously [11]. Plasmid pEGII for cell surface expression of the EGII (egl2) was constructed as follows. The 1194 bp DNA fragment encoding the egl2 gene without its native secretion signal was amplià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed with the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst-strand cDNA prepared from T. reesei as the template using primer pairs egl2-For/Rev, this DNA fragment was introduced into the yeast display vector pYD1(Invitrogen) with Kpn I/BamH I. MAT terminator was amplified from pYD1 by using primer pairs MAT-For/Rev and then digested with BamH I/EcoR I to create plasmid pYD1-egl2MAT. The KanR fragment was obtained from plasmid YIP5-KanR by two-step cloning. First, the DNA fragment containing ADH promoter and KanR ORF was amplified from YIP5-KanR by PCR using the KanR-For/Rev primers and inserted into EcoR I/Apa I site of plasmid pYD1-egl2MAT; next, the ADH terminator digested with Bgl II/Nde I was also introduced into pYD1-egl2MAT. The resulting plasmid was named pEGII. For displaying the T. reesei CBHII gene (cbh2) in S. cer evisiae Y5, plasmid pCBHII was created. A 1344 bp gene fragment coding for the mature region of the CBHII was amplià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed using primers cbh2-For/Rev-KT and introduced into plasmid pEGII digested with Kpn I/BamH I for replacing egl2 to form pCBHII (Figure 1). Transformation of S. cerevisiae Y5 was carried out using the lithium acetate method [12]. The plasmid pAGA1 was linearized by Apa I for chromosome integration. The plasmid pYD1 was transformed into S. cerevisiae Y5 as a negative control. S. cerevisiae Y5 clones transformed with different plasmids (strain Y5/pYD1 contained plasmids pAGA1 and pYD1, strain Y5/EGII contained plasmids pAGA1 and pEGII, strain Y5/CBHII contained plasmids pAGA1 and pCBHII) were selected and maintained on Geneticin(G418) plates. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed as described previously [13]. Immunostaining was performed as follows. Induced recombinant yeast cells expressing cellulases were harvested by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 5 min and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). As the primary antibody, mouse anti-Xpress tag antibody (Invitrogen, R910-25) for EGII and CBHII was used at dilution rates of 1:1000. As the second antibody, Fuorescein (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG(H+L) (Jackson, 115-095-003) was used at dilution rate 1:200. Cells and the anti-body were incubated at room temperature. After washing the cell–antibody complex with PBS twice, cellular localizations of the cellulases were observed under a fluorescence microscope. Yeast strains Y5 and Y5/pYD1were used as control. Yeast cells were induced in YPG medium for 48 h at 20 ºC and harvested by centrifugation for 5 min at 6000 rpm, washed with distilled water. BGLI activity of strain Y5/BGLI was measured using à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²-nitrophenyl-ÃŽ ²-D-glucopyranoside as the substrate according to a previously described method [14]. Endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase activities were determined by hydrolysis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC), respectively. PASC was prepared from Avicel PH-101 (Fluka Chemie GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland) as amorphous cellulose. The cell pellet was resuspended in a reaction mixture of 1% CMC or 1% PASC in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) with the optical density at 600 nm adjusted to 1.0. After a reaction at 50 ºC for 30 min, the activities were determined by DNS method [15]. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme released 1 ÃŽ ¼mol reducing sugar from the substrate per minute. The abilities of the engineered yeast consortium (Y5/EGII + Y5/CBHII + Y5/BGLI) to fermentation ethanol from PASC and steam-exploded corn stover were investigated. The steam-exploded corn stover used in this study was provided by Henan Tian Guan Group Co., Ltd (Nanyang, Henan, China). The raw material was chopped to 2-3 cm size and treated in a steam-exploded vessel at 2.0 MPa for 5 min. The pretreated feedstock was dried at room temperature and directly used as a substrate without washing. The moisture content of the substrate was 8%. The composition of materials was quantitatively analyzed following the NREL Laboratory Analytical Procedure NREL/TP-510-42618 (Structural carbohydrates and lignin) (Sluiter et al., 2008)[16], as shown in Table 3. An enzyme mixture composed of equal amounts of cellulase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and ÃŽ ²-glucosidase (Sigma-Aldrich) was used. Yeast cells harboring different surface-display plasmid for EGII, CBHII, or BGLI, were grown in YPD medium a nd then transferred to YPG medium for 48 h at 20 ºC to express cellulase. Cells collected by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 5 min at 4 ºC, washed with distilled water twice, and mixed in the adjustable ratio to a total initial cell concentration of 30 g/l wet weight to form the functional consortium. Ethanol fermentation proceeded at 30 ºC with 90 rpm in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. 1ml samples of the fermentation broth were taken periodically and stored at -4 ºC until they were analyzed for sugar and ethanol content. The total sugar was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method [17]. Glucose was measured by HPLC (model 1260, Agilent Technologies) equipped with a Hi-Plex H column 300 mm Ãâ€" 7.7 mm) and a refractory index (RI) detector. Samples were run at a temperature of 60 ºC and a mobile phase of 5 mM sulfuric acid at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. Ethanol analysis was carried out using GC (model 7890A, Agilent Technologies) equipped with a flame ionization detector and a HJ-PEG column. Samples were run under the following conditions: column oven at 120 ºC, front injection port at 200 ºC, with N2 as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 4 ml/min. The expression plasmids pEGII and pCBHII (Fig. 1) were transformed into the yeast S.cerevisiae Y5 strains, respectively. All of recombinant yeast strains had a pAGA1 plasmid for integrating AGA1 into the chromosome, and the resultant transformants were designated strains Y5/EGII and Y5/CBHII (Table S1). Upon galactose induction, the proteins were expected to be secreted and interact with the Aga1p and Aga2p anchor system by using the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor linked to the cell surface. To confirm displaying of EGII and CBHII on the yeast cell surface, immunofluorescence labeling of the cells was carried out using mouse anti-Xpress IgG antibody as the primary antibody. The green fluorescence of Fuorescein (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG was observed for strains Y5/EGII and Y5/CBHII (Fig. 2), indicating that EGII and CBHII were displayed on the cell surface, respectively. The cells harboring the control plasmids were hardly labeled with mouse anti-Xpress IgG(Fig. 2). These results suggested that two types of cellulase were successfully expressed on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae Y5 strain. As shown in Table 1, EGII, CBHII and BGLI activities were detected in the pellet fraction of strain Y5/EGII, Y5/CBHII and Y5/BGLI, respectively. The strain Y5/CBHII and strain Y5/EGII showed moderate CBHII and EGII activity (1.14 U/OD600 and 1.27 U/OD600, respectively). The BGLI activity of strain Y5/BGLI cells was relatively low, which was only 0.72 U/OD600. No enzyme activity was detected in the culture supernatant (data not shown), and the control strain without displayed enzymes exhibited less than 0.1 U/OD600 of enzyme activity. These results clearly indicated that active enzymes were displayed on the cell surface without leakage into the culture medium. Ethanol fermentation from 10 g amorphous cellulose per liter was performed using a cell combination system consisted of three cellulase-displaying yeast populations. Cells displaying EGII, CBHII and BGLI were mixed in various ratios and the produced ethanol from PASC were measured. S.cerevisiae Y5 without displayed enzymes was the control strain. A mixture of cells with EGII: CBHII: BGLI ratio of 2:1:1 produced the highest amount of ethanol (1.76 g/l) after 84 h; the yield (in grams of ethanol produced per gram of consumed reducing sugar) was 0.42 g/g (Fig. 3). A mixture of cells composed of an equal amount of each cell type produced 0.68 g/l ethanol after 84 h (Figure 3), indicating about 1.6-fold improvement of ethanol production by optimizing the cell ratio. However, a large portion of the substrate (the amount of residual sugar after 84 h hydrolysis of 10 g/l PASC was 5.5 g/l, and the sugar consumption rate was 43.3%) remained after 96 h without being hydrolyzed because the cellu lase activities displaying on cell surface were not enough for complete cellulose digestion. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam-exploded corn stover (CS) as a sole carbon source was conducted for the cellulase-displaying yeast consortium of the optimized ratio 2:1:1 in the presence of commercial cellulase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) with different enzyme loadings (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 FPU/ml). A mixture of cells was incubated in 100 ml of YP medium (20 g/l peptone, 10 g/l yeast extract) for 1 h to remove residual carbon source, and then resuspended in YP-CS medium (YP medium containing 100 g/l steam-exploded corn stover, corresponding to 48.4g cellulose per liter). As shown in Fig. 4, in the presence of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 FPU/ml cellulase, 34.49, 18.71, 7.03, 2.11, 1.98, and 1.23 g/l of residual cellulose remained after 84h, respectively. Addition of 0.9 FPU/ml cellulase enabled utilization of 92.3% of the initial cellulose (Figure 4). The cellulose hydrolyzed by cellulase-displaying yeast consortium with an additional 0.9 FPU/ml cellulase was nearly the same as that by control strain S.cerevisiae Y5 with an additional 1.5 FPU/ml. These results indicate that cellulases displayed on the yeast cell surface improve hydrolysis of cellulose, although their activities were lower than commercial enzymes. Furthermore, using the optimized cell combination system, the relationship between the amount of added cellulase and final ethanol concentration was investigated. As shown in Fig. 5, in the presence of 0.9 FPU/ml cellulase, the cellulase-displaying consortium produced 20.4 g/l ethanol after 72 h, which was similar to the value (20.9 g/l) obtained by control strain in the presence of 1.5 FPU/ml cellulase (Table 2). Notably, as the ethanol yield reached 86% of the theoretical yield with 0.9 FPU/ml cellulase, the cell-surface engineered system enabled a reduction in the amount of added commercial cellulase. Hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose to glucose requires the sequential reactions of three groups of cellulases: endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and ÃŽ ²-glucosidase. CBP is a one-step process where all steps occur in a single reactor and a single microorganism or microbial consortium converts pretreated biomass to ethanol with no additional commercial enzymes. The key challenge of CBP lies in choosing the optimal host to directly convert lignocellulosic materials to ethanol. In recent years, several researchers have been engaged in co-displaying multiple cellulases in a single cell for direct conversion of cellulose to ethanol [18-21]. However, the enzyme activity can be limited because of the metabolic burden [22]. Furthermore, it is difficult to control the surface expression level of each enzyme for optimal ethanol fermentation. Apiwatanapiwat et al., constructed the engineered yeast strain NBRC-5Es that co-displayed two types of amylolytic enzymes, two types of cellulolytic enz ymes (T. reesei EGII and CBHII), and A. aculeatus BGLI on the cell surface. The NBRC-5Es strain produced 1.04 g/l ethanol from 8.44 g/l of the acid-treated Avicel after 48 h of fermentation and resulted in a large portion of the substrate remaining without being hydrolyzed by the enzymes. In this study, instead of co-displaying all the enzymes in one cell, we developed a cellulase-displaying yeast consortium consisting of three types of yeast cells, each displaying different cellulases. This method allows for convenient optimization of ethanol production by adjusting the combination ratio of each cell type for inducing a synergy in cellulose hydrolysis. Diploidization is also a promising strategy for enhancing the fermentation ability of S. cerevisiae. Because polyploid yeast strains, including diploid strains, have higher cell growth rates, cell yields, and tolerances to various stresses compared with haploid strains, they are particularly suited for industrial application. Therefore, to generate an efficient â€Å"whole-cell biocatalyst† yeast strain related to cellulosic ethanol production, we selected S. cerevisiae Y5, a robust diploid strain, as the host cell based on its fermentation and inhibitor tolerance properties [23-24]. We first explored the possibility of ethanol fermentation from PASC by using the surface-immobilized yeast consortium (Y5/EGII+Y5/CBHII+Y5/BGLI). A mixture of cells at the optimized EGII: CBHII: BGLI ratio of 2:1:1 produced 1.6-fold more ethanol (1.76 g/l) than cells composed of an equal amount of each cell type. Next, the fermentation performance of yeast consortium using steam-exploded CS as the sole carbon source was further investigated. The optimized cellulase-displaying consortium produced 20.4 g/l ethanol from 48.4 g cellulose per liter after 72 h in the presence of a small amount of cellulase reagent (0.9 FPU/ml), suggesting the feasibility of the cellulase-displaying yeast consortium for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Although several studies have been carried out on establishing a cell-displaying yeast consortium [25-27], few reports of direct ethanol fermentation from pretreated lignocellulosic material have been published. The combined cell system describ ed here could become the basis for the eventual direct ethanol production from insoluble cellulosic materials.

Comic spirit and Bringing Down the House :: essays research papers

Comedy has existed with the human spirit as far back as humans began writing the first plays and stories. Comedy and laughing at other peoples’ situations has always been a very good way to tell an entertaining story. Yet, at the same time, it can be an effective way to share lessons about life and the human condition. The â€Å"comic spirit† takes many forms throughout human civilization and several classic examples can be seen in Roman and Greek comedies. Greek comedies often create humor from the conflicts created by stereotypes and imbalances. For example, the play Lisistrata has a main character who is a woman who tries to stop the Peloponnesian War by convincing all the women of Athens to stop having sex with their husbands. Taking place during a period when women did not have power in society (compared to men), this Greek comedy used the imbalances of women to create a funny story while at the same time as making a statement against war. A more modern comed y that uses imbalances and stereotypes to create humor is the movie â€Å"Bringing Down the House† starring Steve Martin and Queen Latifah. The humor in this movie is created by the use of multiple stereotypes, imbalances and ultimate role reversals of a white, wealthy male and a black, ex-convict female who first meet each other in an Internet chat room. There are also contrasts between young and old people. Although the imbalances and stereotypes throughout the movie create funny situations, it may have a negative side effect because it takes advantage of racial, gender and age stereotypes, which may be insulting or hurtful to some people, just to get a laugh. The story begins with Steve Martin’s character, Peter Sanderson, chatting online with someone who he thinks is a pretty, blonde lawyer. When he finally arranges to meet her for a â€Å"first date,† he is shocked to find out that the blonde lawyer turns out to be a black ex-convict named Charlene (played by Queen Latifah) who wants Peter to help prove her innocence from being set up in a bank robbery that sent her to prison for four years. The movie uses several elements of imbalance and stereotypes to create humorous situations in the story. For example, there is contrast between Peter and Charlene. On the surface in the beginning of the movie Peter seems to be a regular a white male with a successful, upper middle class lifestyle. Comic spirit and "Bringing Down the House" :: essays research papers Comedy has existed with the human spirit as far back as humans began writing the first plays and stories. Comedy and laughing at other peoples’ situations has always been a very good way to tell an entertaining story. Yet, at the same time, it can be an effective way to share lessons about life and the human condition. The â€Å"comic spirit† takes many forms throughout human civilization and several classic examples can be seen in Roman and Greek comedies. Greek comedies often create humor from the conflicts created by stereotypes and imbalances. For example, the play Lisistrata has a main character who is a woman who tries to stop the Peloponnesian War by convincing all the women of Athens to stop having sex with their husbands. Taking place during a period when women did not have power in society (compared to men), this Greek comedy used the imbalances of women to create a funny story while at the same time as making a statement against war. A more modern comed y that uses imbalances and stereotypes to create humor is the movie â€Å"Bringing Down the House† starring Steve Martin and Queen Latifah. The humor in this movie is created by the use of multiple stereotypes, imbalances and ultimate role reversals of a white, wealthy male and a black, ex-convict female who first meet each other in an Internet chat room. There are also contrasts between young and old people. Although the imbalances and stereotypes throughout the movie create funny situations, it may have a negative side effect because it takes advantage of racial, gender and age stereotypes, which may be insulting or hurtful to some people, just to get a laugh. The story begins with Steve Martin’s character, Peter Sanderson, chatting online with someone who he thinks is a pretty, blonde lawyer. When he finally arranges to meet her for a â€Å"first date,† he is shocked to find out that the blonde lawyer turns out to be a black ex-convict named Charlene (played by Queen Latifah) who wants Peter to help prove her innocence from being set up in a bank robbery that sent her to prison for four years. The movie uses several elements of imbalance and stereotypes to create humorous situations in the story. For example, there is contrast between Peter and Charlene. On the surface in the beginning of the movie Peter seems to be a regular a white male with a successful, upper middle class lifestyle.